GPG Keys Management

Connor Lim Version F35 onwards Last review: 2021-02-09
This document explains in detail how to obtain a GPG key using common Fedora utilities. It also provides information on managing your key as a Fedora contributor.

生成 GPG 密钥

Creating GPG keys using the GNOME desktop

Install the Seahorse utility, which makes GPG key management easier.

  1. Select Activities  Software.

  2. Click the Search button and enter the name 'Seahorse'.

  3. Click the Seahorse package and click Install to add the software. You can also install Seahorse using the command line with the command sudo dnf install seahorse.

To create a key:

  1. Select Activities  Passwords and Encryption Keys, which starts the application Seahorse.

  2. At the top left hand corner, click the Plus Button  GPG Key.

  3. Type your full name, email address, and an optional comment describing who you are (e.g.: John C. Smith, jsmith@example.com, The Man).

  4. Click Create.

  5. Choose a passphrase that is strong but also easy to remember in the dialog that is displayed.

  6. Click OK and the key is created.

Now see [backup-gpg-keys-gnome].

Creating GPG Keys Using the KDE Desktop

  1. Start the KGpg program from the main menu by selecting Applications  Utilities  KGpg. If you have never used KGpg before, the program walks you through the process of creating your own GPG keypair.

  2. Enter your name, email address, and an optional comment in the dialog box that appears prompting you to create a new key pair. You can also choose an expiration time for your key, as well as the key strength (number of bits) and algorithms.

  3. Enter your passphrase in the next dialog box. At this point, your key appears in the main KGpg window.

To find your GPG key ID, look in the ID column next to the newly created key. In most cases, if you are asked for the key ID, you should prepend 0x to the last 8 characters of the key ID, as in 0x6789ABCD.

Now see Making a Key Backup Using the KDE Desktop.

Creating GPG Keys Using the Command Line

  1. Use the following shell command:

    gpg --full-generate-key

    This command generates a key pair that consists of a public and a private key. Other people use your public key to authenticate and/or decrypt your communications. Distribute your public key as widely as possible, especially to people who you know will want to receive authentic communications from you, such as a mailing list.

  2. Press the Enter key to assign a default value if desired. The first prompt asks you to select what kind of key you prefer:

    Please select what kind of key you want:
   (1) RSA and RSA (default)
   (2) DSA and Elgamal
   (3) DSA (sign only)
   (4) RSA (sign only)
  (14) Existing key from card
Your selection?

    In almost all cases, the default is the correct choice. A RSA/RSA key allows you not only to sign communications, but also to encrypt files.

  3. Choose the key size:

    RSA keys may be between 1024 and 4096 bits long.
What keysize do you want? (3072)

    Again, the default is sufficient for almost all users, and represents an extremely strong level of security.

  4. Choose when the key will expire. It is a good idea to choose an expiration date instead of using the default, which is none. If, for example, the email address on the key becomes invalid, an expiration date will remind others to stop using that public key.

    Please specify how long the key should be valid.
         0 = key does not expire
      <n>  = key expires in n days
      <n>w = key expires in n weeks
      <n>m = key expires in n months
      <n>y = key expires in n years
Key is valid for? (0)

    Entering a value of 1y, for example, makes the key valid for one year. (You may change this expiration date after the key is generated, if you change your mind.) Before the gpg program asks for signature information, the following prompt appears:

    Is this correct (y/N)?

  5. Enter y to finish the process.

  6. Enter your name and email address. Remember this process is about authenticating you as a real individual. For this reason, include your real name. Do not use aliases or handles, since these disguise or obfuscate your identity.

  7. Enter your real email address for your GPG key. If you choose a bogus email address, it will be more difficult for others to find your public key. This makes authenticating your communications difficult. If you are using this GPG key for self-introduction on a mailing list, for example, enter the email address you use on that list.

  8. Use the comment field to include aliases or other information. (Some people use different keys for different purposes and identify each key with a comment, such as "Office" or "Open Source Projects.")

  9. Enter the letter O at the confirmation prompt to continue if all entries are correct, or use the other options to fix any problems.

  10. Enter a passphrase for your secret key. The gpg program asks you to enter your passphrase twice to ensure you made no typing errors.

Finally, gpg generates random data to make your key as unique as possible. Move your mouse, type random keys, or perform other tasks on the system during this step to speed up the process. Once this step is finished, your keys are complete and ready to use:

pub   rsa3072 2021-02-09 [SC] [expires: 2022-02-09]
      3782CBB60147010B330523DD26FBCC7836BF353A
uid                      John Doe (Fedora Docs) <johndoe@example.com>
sub   rsa3072 2021-02-09 [E] [expires: 2022-02-09]

The key fingerprint is a shorthand signature for your key. It allows you to confirm to others that they have received your actual public key without any tampering. You do not need to write this fingerprint down. To display the fingerprint at any time, use this command, substituting your email address:

gpg --fingerprint johndoe@example.com

Your key fingerprint is actually a 160 bit SHA-1 hash of the key, represented as a 40 character string of hexadecimal digits. Though shorter than the public key itself, it’s still a bit unwieldy, so people tend to use a shorter GPG key ID to refer to a key when, for example, looking up a key in a keyserver. The GPG key ID is a small number of hex digits drawn from the characters representing the lower-order bits of the fingerprint. The "short" GPG key ID consists of the final 8 characters of the hexadecimal fingerprint, that is, the last 32 bits of the fingerprint. Short keys are unsafe and no longer recommended because it’s possible to create collisions so that an attacker’s forged key has the same short ID as your key. Thus if you give someone the short GPG key ID of your key, they may retrieve the attacker’s key from a keyserver instead.

For this reason, it’s preferred to use the "long" GPG key ID, which consists of the final 16 characters of your key’s hexadecimal fingerprint. This represents the 64 lower-order bits of your fingerprint, which is sufficient to be collision-resistant. The gpg program makes it easy for you to find your key’s long GPG key ID:

gpg --list-keys --fingerprint --keyid-format 0xlong johndoe@example.com

The 0xlong format prepends "0x" to the key ID to make it clear that this is a series of hexadecimal digits; it is considered good practice to do this. The output from the above command looks like this:

pub   rsa3072/0x26FBCC7836BF353A 2021-02-09 [SC] [expires: 2022-02-09]
      Key fingerprint = 3782 CBB6 0147 010B 3305  23DD 26FB CC78 36BF 353A
uid                      John Doe (Fedora Docs) <johndoe@example.com>
sub   rsa3072/0xF834D62672E88A6F 2021-02-09 [E] [expires: 2022-02-09]

The first line (beginning with "pub") tells you what kind the key is (that is, 3072 bit RSA) and what the long key ID is (that is, 0x26FBCC7836BF353A). You can see that this corresponds to the last 16 characters of the Key fingerprint in the output.

Now see Making a Key Backup Using the Command Line. Make sure to back up your revocation keys for all active keys as this allows to revoke keys in the event of lost passphrase of key compromise.

创建备份

Making a Key Backup Using the GNOME Desktop

  1. Right-click your key and select Properties.

  2. Select the Details tab, and select Export to file  Export secret key.

  3. Select a destination filename and click Export.

Store the copy in a secure place, such as a locked container.

Now see Exporting a GPG Key Using the GNOME Desktop.

Making a Key Backup Using the KDE Desktop

  1. Right-click your key and select Export Secret Key.

  2. Click Continue to continue at the confirmation dialog.

  3. Select a destination filename.

  4. Click Save.

Store the copy in a secure place, such as a locked container.

Now see Exporting a GPG Key Using the KDE Desktop.

Making a Key Backup Using the Command Line

Use the following command to make the backup, which you can then copy to a destination of your choice:

gpg --export-secret-keys --armor johndoe@example.com > johndoe-privkey.asc

Store the copy in a secure place, such as a locked container.

Now see Exporting a GPG Key Using the Command Line.

让您的公钥对他人可见

当您将您的公钥让他人可见后，其他人可以验证您签署的通讯内容，或者必要时向您发送加密的通讯内容。此步骤一般叫做_导出_。

如果您想将公钥通过邮件发给其他人或群组，可参考[将公钥手动保存为文件]。

Exporting a GPG Key Using the GNOME Desktop

  1. Click the Menu Button  Sync and Publish Keys…​

  2. Click Key Servers.

  3. Select ldap://keyserver.pgp.com in the Publish Keys To combobox.

  4. Click Close.

  5. Click Sync.

Now see 保护好您的密钥.

Exporting a GPG Key Using the KDE Desktop

After your key has been generated, you can export the key to a public keyserver

  1. Right-click on the key in the main window.

  2. Select Export Public Keys.

  3. From there you can export your public key to the clipboard, an ASCII file, to an email, or directly to a key server.

  4. Export your public key to the default key server.

Now see 保护好您的密钥.

Exporting a GPG Key Using the Command Line

Use the following command to send your key to a public keyserver:

gpg --send-key KEYNAME

For KEYNAME, substitute the key ID or fingerprint of your primary keypair. This will send your key to the gnupg default key server. If you prefer another one use:

gpg --keyserver hkp://pgp.mit.edu --send-key KEYNAME

Replacing pgp.mit.edu with your server of choice.

Now see 保护好您的密钥.

Copying a Public Key Manually

If you want to give or send a file copy of your key to someone, use this command to write it to an ASCII text file:

gpg --export --armor johndoe@example.com > johndoe-pubkey.asc

Now see 保护好您的密钥.

保护好您的密钥

像对待任何非常重要的文档或物理密钥一样对待您的密钥。如果您丢失了密钥，您将无法对通信进行签名，或打开发送给您的加密通信。

硬件令牌选项

如果按照上述方式进行，那么您的密钥还只是以普通文件的形式存储。比将其保存到硬盘上更为安全的做法是将密钥保存到硬件令牌中。

市面上有一些可供选择的产品，比如 YubiKey。要选择支持 OpenPGP 的令牌。有关怎样创建带脱机备份密钥及如何联机使用令牌，可阅读 此博客文章。

GPG Key Revocation

When you revoke a key, you withdraw it from public use. You should only have to do this if it is compromised or lost, or you forget the passphrase.

Generating a Revocation Certificate

When you create the key pair you should also create a key revocation certificate. If you later issue the revocation certificate, it notifies others that the public key is not to be used. Users may still use a revoked public key to verify old signatures, but not encrypt messages. As long as you still have access to the private key, messages received previously may still be decrypted. If you forget the passphrase, you will not be able to decrypt messages encrypted to that key.

gpg --output revoke.asc --gen-revoke KEYNAME

If you do not use the --output flag, the certificate will print to standard output.

For KEYNAME, substitute either the key ID of your primary keypair or any part of a user ID that identifies your keypair. Once you create the certificate (the revoke.asc file), you should protect it. If it is published by accident or through the malicious actions of others, the public key will become unusable. It is a good idea to write the revocation certificate to secure removable media or print out a hard copy for secure storage to maintain secrecy.

Revoking a key

  1. Revoke the key locally:

    gpg --import revoke.asc

    Once you locally revoke the key, you must send the revoked certificate to a keyserver, regardless of whether the key was originally issued in this way. Distribution through a server helps other users to quickly become aware the key has been compromised.

  2. Export to a keyserver with the following command:

    gpg --keyserver hkp://pgp.mit.edu --send-keys KEYNAME

    For KEYNAME, substitute either the key ID of your primary keypair or any part of a user ID that identifies your keypair.

其他资源

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