Bien débuter avec le serveur HTTP Apache
The Apache HTTP Server is one of the most commonly-used web servers. This section acts as a quick-start guide to deploying and configuring Apache on Fedora.
Installing HTTPD
This procedure describes the steps to install Apache HTTPD on Fedora.
-
Install HTTPD packages.
sudo dnf install httpd -y
-
Start the HTTPD service.
sudo systemctl start httpd.service
To enable auto start of HTTPD service at boot, execute the following command: sudo systemctl enable httpd.service |
Navigate to http://localhost to access the Apache test page. You may not be able to access the server from any other host. To access the server from other hosts, see Opening firewall ports.
Securing Apache HTTPD
To enable TLS/SSL support, download and install one of the following packages:
Using mod_ssl
Installing mod_ssl
The mod_ssl package will be automatically enabled post installation. Install the mod_ssl package using the following command:
sudo dnf install mod_ssl -y
Generating a new certificate
To generate a new certificate, refer to Create a certificate using OpenSSL.
Installing an existing certificate
If you already have a certificate generated on another computer, do the following:
-
Move the certificate and the key file to the correct folder
sudo mv key_file.key /etc/pki/tls/private/myhost.com.key sudo mv certificate.crt /etc/pki/tls/certs/myhost.com.crt
-
Ensure that the following parameters are correct:
-
SELinux contexts
restorecon /etc/pki/tls/private/myhost.com.key restorecon /etc/pki/tls/certs/myhost.com.crt
-
Ownership
sudo chown root:root /etc/pki/tls/private/myhost.com.key sudo chown root:root /etc/pki/tls/certs/myhost.com.crt
-
Permissions
sudo chmod 0600 /etc/pki/tls/private/myhost.com.key sudo chmod 0600 /etc/pki/tls/certs/myhost.com.crt
-
After installing the existing certificate, set up the certificate using mod_ssl configuration.
mod_ssl configuration
The default TLS/SSL configuration is contained in the file /etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf
. In the ssl.conf
file, following are the directives that specify where the TLS/SSL certificate and key are located:
SSLCertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/localhost.crt SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/pki/tls/private/localhost.key
These directives are enclosed in a block defining a virtual host:
<VirtualHost _default_:443> ... SSLCertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/localhost.crt ... SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/pki/tls/private/localhost.key ... </VirtualHost>
To define a different location for these files, do the following:
-
Create a copy of the
/etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf
file and renew the file toz-ssl-local.conf
. -
Edit the following lines in the
z-ssl-local.conf
file:
<VirtualHost _default_:443> SSLCertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/www.myhost.org.crt SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/pki/tls/private/www.myhost.org.key </VirtualHost>
This file will override the two settings for the _default_:443
virtual host; all other settings from ssl.conf
will be retained.
Settings for individual virtual hosts
To use SSL/TLS for a specific virtual host with a different certificate as default, do the following:
-
Open that virtual host’s configuration file
/etc/httpd/conf.d/hostname.conf
. -
Insert these lines between
<VirtualHost hostname:port>
and</VirtualHost>
:SSLEngine on SSLCertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/hostname.crt SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/pki/tls/private/hostname.key
Installing webapps
You probably want to run something on your web server. Many of the most popular web applications are packaged for Fedora. Using the packaged versions of web applications is recommended. These packages will be configured following the distribution’s best practices which help to ensure the security of the installation.
For instance, by installing static files to locations the web server does not have the ability to write to, and doing access control with configuration files rather than .htaccess
files, which are slightly more vulnerable to attack.
Packaged web applications will also be configured to work with SELinux, which provides significant security benefits.
You will also receive updates through the usual Fedora update process, making it easier to keep your installation up to date.
They will also often have the default configuration tweaked according to Fedora’s conventions, meaning you have to do less work to get the application up and running.
Most web applications are simply packaged according to their name. For instance, you can install Wordpress by executing the following command:
sudo dnf install wordpress
Packaged web applications will usually provide Fedora-specific instructions in a documentation file. For instance, Wordpress provides the files /usr/share/doc/wordpress/README.fedora
and /usr/share/doc/wordpress/README.fedora-multiuser
.
Packaged web applications usually restrict access by default so you can access them only from the server host itself, to ensure you can run all initial configuration safely and things like administration interfaces are not left accessible to the public. For information on how to broaden access, see Enabling access to web applications.
Web applications commonly require the use of a database server. This Quick Docs article provides information on installing and configuring PostgreSQL and this wiki page about MariaDB on Fedora.
Configuring Apache HTTPD
/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
is the main Apache configuration file. Custom confirguration files are specified under /etc/httpd/conf.d/*.conf
. If the same settings are specified in both /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
and a .conf
file in /etc/httpd/conf.d/
, the setting from the /etc/httpd/conf.d/
file will be used.
Files in /etc/httpd/conf.d/
are read in alphabetical order: a setting from /etc/httpd/conf.d/z-foo.conf
will be used over a setting from /etc/httpd/conf.d/foo.conf
. Similarly, a setting from /etc/httpd/conf.d/99-foo.conf
, will be used over a setting from /etc/httpd/conf.d/00-foo.conf
.
As a best practice, do not modify /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
or any of the /etc/httpd/conf.d
files shipped by Fedora packages directly. If you make any local changes to these files, then any changes to them in newer package versions will not be directly applied. Instead, a .rpmnew
file will be created, and you will have to merge the changes manually.
It is recommended to create a new file in /etc/httpd/conf.d/
which will take precedence over the file you wish to modify, and edit the required settings. For instance, to change a setting specified in /etc/httpd/conf.d/foo.conf
you could create the file /etc/httpd/conf.d/z-foo-local.conf
, and place your setting in that file.
After making any changes to your server configuration, execute the following command: sudo systemctl reload httpd.service Certain changes may require Apache to be fully restarted. To fully restart Apache, execute the following command: sudo systemctl restart httpd.service |
Enabling access to web applications
By default Fedora-packaged web applications are usually configured such that, access is allowed only from the localhost. This is defined by the file /etc/httpd/conf.d/webapp.conf
which contains the following settings:
<Directory /usr/share/webapp> <IfModule mod_authz_core.c> # Apache 2.4 Require local </IfModule> <IfModule !mod_authz_core.c> # Apache 2.2 Order Deny,Allow Deny from all Allow from 127.0.0.1 Allow from ::1 </IfModule> </Directory>
Before allowing general access to the webapp, ensure to do the following:
-
Webapp has been configured correctly
-
Administration interface and other sensitive areas are not accessible without appropriate authentication
-
Database configuration is secure, if the application uses a database
To broaden access to the application, create a file /etc/httpd/conf.d/z-webapp-allow.conf
. To allow access to all systems on a typical local network, add the following lines into the file:
<Directory /usr/share/webapp> <IfModule mod_authz_core.c> # Apache 2.4 Require local Require ip 192.168.1 </IfModule> <IfModule !mod_authz_core.c> # Apache 2.2 Order Deny,Allow Deny from all Allow from 127.0.0.1 Allow from ::1 Allow from 192.168.1 </IfModule> </Directory>
Once the application is correctly configured, add the following configuration to allow access from any host:
<Directory /usr/share/webapp> <IfModule mod_authz_core.c> # Apache 2.4 Require all granted </IfModule> <IfModule !mod_authz_core.c> # Apache 2.2 Order Deny,Allow Allow from all </IfModule> </Directory>
Opening firewall ports
This exposes your computer to the Internet and potential attackers. Secure your system and your Apache installation properly before exposing your server to the Internet. |
Apache uses port 80 for plain http connections and port 443 for TLS/SSL connections by default. To make this service available from other computers or the Internet, allow Apache through the firewall using any one the following commands:
To allow Apache through the firewall at each boot:
-
For plain HTTP connections:
sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http
-
For TLS/SSL connections:
sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=https
To allow Apache through the firewall instantly:
-
For plain HTTP connections:
sudo firewall-cmd --add-service=http
-
For TLS/SSL connections:
sudo firewall-cmd --add-service=https
If your server is running in a network with a NAT router, you will also need to configure your router to forward the HTTP and HTTPS ports to your server, if you wish to allow access from outside your local network. |
Disabling Test Page
To disable the test page, comment out all the lines in the file /etc/httpd/conf.d/welcome.conf
using #
as follows:
# <LocationMatch "^/+$"> # Options -Indexes # ErrorDocument 403 /.noindex.html # </LocationMatch> # <Directory /usr/share/httpd/noindex> # AllowOverride None # Require all granted # </Directory> # Alias /.noindex.html /usr/share/httpd/noindex/index.html
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