Запуск програм із графічним інтерфейсом
У Fedora, окрім програм, які працюють у командному рядку, для налаштовування багатьох можливостей передбачено програми із графічним інтерфейсом. У цьому розділі описано способи запуску програм із графічним інтерфейсом користувача
у різних середовищах.
Запуск програм із графічним інтерфейсом з командного рядка
Програми із графічним інтерфейсом можна запустити з вікна термінала або сеансу консолі простим введенням назви програми.
[fedorauser@localhost]$ firefox
Назви файлів і назви програм
Програми запускаються з командного рядка за допомогою назви виконуваного файла, який є частиною пакунка з програмою. Запис у меню стільниці часто має іншу назву, ніж виконуваний файл. Наприклад, програму для керування дисками у GNOME у меню буде показано як Диски, але виконуваний файл цієї програми має назву |
When a program is executed on the command line, the terminal is occupied until the program completes. When a graphical application is executed from the command line, the program’s error output, or STDERR
, is sent to the terminal window. This can be especially useful when troubleshooting.
[fedorauser@localhost]$ astromenace-wrapper AstroMenace 1.3.1 121212 Open XML file: /home/fedorauser/.config/astromenace/amconfig.xml VFS file was opened /usr/share/astromenace/gamedata.vfs Vendor : OpenAL Community Renderer : OpenAL Soft Version : 1.1 ALSOFT 1.15.1 ALut ver : 1.1 Font initialized: DATA/FONT/LiberationMono-Bold.ttf Current Video Mode: 3200x1080 32bit Xinerama/TwinView detected. Screen count: 2 Screen #0: (0, 0) x (1920, 1080) Screen #1: (1920, 0) x (1280, 1024) Supported resolutions list: 640x480 16bit 640x480 32bit 640x480 0bit 768x480 16bit <output truncated>
To launch a graphical application, but fork the additional output into the background and return the terminal for immediate use, use the shell’s job control
feature.
[fedorauser@localhost]$ emacs foo.txt &
Ending a session
Applications that hold the command line prompt until they complete will close when the terminal session ends, even if they are forked into the background. |
GUI programs can also be launched on one TTY
and displayed on another by specifying the DISPLAY
variable. This can be useful when running multiple graphical sessions, or for troubleshooting problems with a desktop session.
-
Switch to another TTY using the key combination Ctrl+Alt+F2 and log in. Note that consoles are available by default with F2 through F6.
-
Identify the X session you want to target. The
DISPLAY
variable is always an integer preceded by a colon, and will be :0 in most cases. Check the arguments of the currently running X process to verify the value. The command below shows both theDISPLAY
variable as well as the TTY that X is running on,tty1
.[fedorauser@localhost]$ ps aux|grep /usr/bin/X root 1498 7.1 1.0 521396 353984
tty1
Ss+ 00:04 66:34 /usr/bin/X:0
vt1 -background none -nolisten tcp -auth /var/run/kdm/A:0-22Degc root 23874 0.0 0.0 109184 900 pts/21 S+ 15:35 0:00 grep --color=auto /usr/bin/X -
Specify the
DISPLAY
variable when executing the program.[fedorauser@localhost]$ DISPLAY=:0 gnome-shell --replace &
-
Switch back to the TTY the graphical session is running on. Since the example above shows X running on
vt1
, pressing Ctrl+Alt+F1 will return to the desktop environment.
Launching Applications with Alt+F2
Most desktop environments follow the convention of using the key combination Alt+F2 for opening new applications. Pressing Alt+F2 brings up a prompt for a command to be entered into.
Commands entered into this dialog box function much as they would if entered in a terminal. Applications are known by their file name, and can accept arguments.
![GNOME command entry dialog box](../../_images/alt-f2_GNOME.png)
![KDE command entry dialog box](../../_images/alt-f2_KDE.png)
![LXDE command entry dialog box.](../../_images/alt-f2_LXDE.png)
![MATE command entry dialog box.](../../_images/alt-f2_MATE.png)
![XFCE command entry dialog box.](../../_images/alt-f2_XFCE.png)
Launching applications from the Desktop Menu
Applications can also be opened from the menu system provided by the desktop environment in use. While the presentation may vary between desktop environments, the menu entries and their categories are provided by the individual application and standardized by the freedesktop.org Desktop Menu Specification. Some desktop environments also provide search functionality in their menu system to allow quick and easy access to applications.
Using GNOME menus
The GNOME menu, called the overview
, can be accessed by either clicking the Activities
button in the top left of the primary display, by moving the mouse past the top left hot corner
, or by pressing the Super ( Windows ) key. The overview
presents documents in addition to applications.
Selecting an item from the menu is best accomplished using the search box
. Simply bring up the overview
, and begin typing the name of the application you want to launch. Pressing enter will launch the highlighted application, or you can use the arrow keys or mouse to choose an alternative.
The overview
can also be browsed. The bar on the left, called the dash
, shows frequently used applications and a grid icon. Clicking on the grid icon brings up a grid in the center of the window that displays frequently used applications. The grid will display all available applications if selected using the All
button at the bottom of the screen.
To learn more about using GNOME shell, visit https://wiki.gnome.org/GnomeShell/CheatSheet
Using KDE menus
The KDE menu is opened by clicking the Fedora button at the bottom left corner of the screen. The menu initially displays favorite applications, which can be added to by right clicking any menu entry. Hovering over the icons in the lower portion of the menu will display applications, file systems, recently used applications, or options for logging out of the system.
Search functionality is also available in the KDE menu system. To search for applications, open the menu and begin typing. The menu will display matching entries.
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