准备启动介质
Fedora 映像是“混合 ISO”,可用于创建带有光盘和 USB 磁盘的安装介质,以便在 BIOS 和 UEFI 系统上启动。
Fedora Media Writer
Fedora Media Writer has been significantly improved and is now the official, tested and supported way to make bootable media. Fedora Media Writer supports Linux, macOS, and Windows. It is an easy way to make bootable USB media to install Fedora (or other operating systems). Using Fedora Media Writer is strongly encouraged, although other USB media creation software can work as well.
Some of the new additions to Fedora Media Writer are that Fedora Workstation and Server are easily and quickly accessible from the selection on the main screen. Further choices are available if you select the button below Custom image. This offers a selection of various Fedora Spins, such as Xfce or Mate.
Historically, universal USB creation tools, such as Unetbootin, are a popular way to create USB installers from ISOs intended for optical media. They typically create a filesystem on the USB drive by extracting files from the image, and writing syslinux bootloader to the device.
这些方法绕过了 Fedora 映像中内置的引导加载程序配置,这些配置是预先分区的,旨在在启用了安全启动的 UEFI 系统和 BIOS 系统上启动,因此它们不会产生与 Fedora 映像一致的结果,尤其是在 UEFI 系统上。
最好的结果是由使用直接写入方法并且不修改 Fedora 映像的实用程序产生的。
在将映像写入设备之前,请务必三思而后行。本文中介绍的媒体创建方法是破坏性的。 在此过程中,U 盘上的所有数据都将被删除,因此请确保备份 U 盘上的数据。仔细检查您是否选择了正确的设备来写入映像! |
安装和运行 Fedora 启动盘写入工具
在 Fedora 上
On Fedora 25 or later, Fedora Media Writer is available in the default repository. You can use dnf
to install the package.
-
To install the Fedora Media Writer using:
$ sudo dnf install mediawriter
-
Run the Fedora Media Writer:
$ mediawriter
or in Gnome 3 select Activities and then click on Fedora Media Writer.
在其他 Linux 发行版上
The best way to install Fedora Media Writer on various Linux distributions is to use the pre-built Flatpak package. The package can be obtained from the official Flatpak repository Flathub.org.
-
To setup Flatpak on your Linux system, follow the guidelines on the Flatpak documentation page.
-
Run the application:
$ sudo mediawriter
在 Windows 上
-
从 GetFedora.org 下载最新的 Windows 安装程序文件。服务器会自动检测正在运行的系统,并为您的 Windows 版本提供正确的安装文件。
-
通过双击安装程序运行安装,然后继续执行设置向导。该向导允许您自定义软件的安装(如果您愿意)。
-
通过单击启动器运行应用程序。
在 Windows 8 和 10 中,Fedora Media Writer 启动器将放置在 F 下的 所有应用 菜单中。在 Windows 10 中,您只需在任务栏的搜索框中键入 Fedora Media Writer。
在 macOS 上
-
Download the latest Macintosh Disk Image (the package will have a .dmg extension) from GetFedora.org. The server automatically detects the running system and offers a correct package for your macOS.
-
Open the
.dmg
file, and press and hold the Ctrl key while clicking on the Fedora Media Writer application. -
Press “Open” in the pop-up menu.
-
Click the “Open” button in the confirmation dialog, if it appears.
将 ISO 映像写入 USB 介质。
-
选择您希望为其制作可启动 USB 驱动器的 Fedora 版本。
Figure 1. Fedora 启动盘写入工具主屏幕:选择您的 Fedora 版本The main selection lets you choose one of the default Fedora editions, Fedora Workstation or Server. Fedora Media Writer displays more details about the edition before you can proceed with downloading the image and the USB creation. You can choose a different architecture, if you select Other variants.
-
Select “Create Live USB” to proceed.
Figure 2. Fedora 启动盘写入工具发行版信息Fedora Media Writer 会自动为您下载 ISO。如果您之前下载过 ISO 并将其放在 下载 目录中,它将立即可供使用。
Figure 3. Fedora Media Writer Automatic Download -
插入要在其上创建可启动媒体的 USB 驱动器。
-
To write the image onto the media, click the red Write to disk button.
Figure 4. Fedora Media Writer Write to USB Device
创建实时 USB 的其他方法
Using the Fedora Media Writer is highly recommended for everybody, because it offers a reliable way to create a live USB stick for Fedora installation.
However, some experienced users may prefer to go through the creation process manually. If you decide to do so, you have to download the installation images and use an application to write them onto the USB stick.
If you have downloaded and verified the installation images manually, you still can write them onto the USB stick using Fedora Media Writer. |
Downloading Boot and Installation Images
The Fedora Project offers different Editions tailored for some specific use cases. Choose the Fedora Edition best for you. You can also build your own by customizing Fedora after it’s installed or by using a kickstart file as described in Creating a Kickstart File.
Kickstart installation requires the netinstall
media type, or a direct installation booting method such as PXE; kickstarts are not supported with live images.
Read more about Fedora Workstation, Fedora Cloud, Fedora Server and the available media types in Downloading Fedora.
You can also choose a Fedora Spin featuring favorite alternative desktops or tools for specialized tasks at https://spins.fedoraproject.org.
Verifying the Downloaded Image
Because transmission errors or other problems may corrupt the Fedora image you have downloaded, it is important to verify the file’s integrity. After the images are created, an operation is performed on the file that produces a value called a checksum
using a complex mathematical algorithm. The operation is sufficiently complex that any change to the original file will produce a different checksum.
By calculating the image’s checksum
on your own computer and comparing it to the original checksum
, you can verify the image has not been tampered with or corrupted. The original checksum values are provided at https://getfedora.org/security/, and are gpg signed to demonstrate their integrity.
Verifying checksums on Windows systems
-
Download the Fedora image of your choice from https://getfedora.org/ and the corresponding checksum file from https://getfedora.org/security/
-
Open a powershell session.
-
Change to the directory containing the downloaded files.
> cd $HOME\Downloads\ > ls Directory: C:\Users\Pete\Downloads Mode LastWriteTime Length Name ---- ------------- ------ ---- -a--- 11/25/2014 12:39 PM 272 Fedora-Server-21-x86_64-CHECKSUM -a--- 11/25/2014 12:39 PM 2047868928 Fedora-Server-DVD-x86_64-21.iso
-
Load the resources required to calculate the checksum.
> $image = "Fedora-Server-DVD-x86_64-21.iso" > $checksum_file = "Fedora-Server-21-x86_64-CHECKSUM" > $sha256 = New-Object -TypeName System.Security.Cryptography.sha256CryptoServiceProvider > $expected_checksum = ((Get-Content $checksum_file | Select-String -Pattern $image) -split " ")[0].ToLower()
-
Calculate the downloaded image’s checksum. This will take a while!
> $download_checksum = [System.BitConverter]::ToString($sha256.ComputeHash([System.IO.File]::ReadAllBytes("$PWD\$image"))).ToLower() -replace '-', ''
-
Compare the calculated checksum to the expected checksum.
> echo "Download Checksum: $download_checksum" > echo "Expected Checksum: $expected_checksum" > if ( $download_checksum -eq "$expected_checksum" ) { echo "Checksum test passed!" } else { echo "Checksum test failed." }
Verifying checksums on Linux and macOS systems
-
Download the Fedora image of your choice from https://fedoraproject.org/get-fedora and the corresponding checksum file from https://getfedora.org/security/
-
Open a terminal window, and navigate to the directory with the downloaded files.
$ cd ~/Downloads
-
Use the appropriate utility to verify the image checksum.
-
For Linux:
$ sha256sum -c *CHECKSUM
-
For macOS:
$ grep '^SHA256' *-CHECKSUM | awk -F '[()=]' '{ print $4 " " $2 }' | shasum -a 256 -c
-
Writing the images to USB media
Creating USB media with GNOME Disks
-
On a system with GNOME, or with the gnome-disk-utility package installed, open
Disks
using the system menu. -
Click your USB device in the left column.
-
Click the menu icon in the upper right corner of the window, and choose the
Restore Disk Image
option. -
Navigate to your image file and click
Start Restoring
. After a few minutes, it will report the process is complete and your installation media will be ready to use.
Creating USB Media on the Linux command line
-
Open a terminal window and insert the usb drive.
-
Find the
device node
assigned to the drive. In the example below, the drive is givensdd
.$ dmesg|tail [288954.686557] usb 2-1.8: New USB device strings: Mfr=0, Product=1, SerialNumber=2 [288954.686559] usb 2-1.8: Product: USB Storage [288954.686562] usb 2-1.8: SerialNumber: 000000009225 [288954.712590] usb-storage 2-1.8:1.0: USB Mass Storage device detected [288954.712687] scsi host6: usb-storage 2-1.8:1.0 [288954.712809] usbcore: registered new interface driver usb-storage [288954.716682] usbcore: registered new interface driver uas [288955.717140] scsi 6:0:0:0: Direct-Access Generic STORAGE DEVICE 9228 PQ: 0 ANSI: 0 [288955.717745] sd 6:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg4 type 0 [288961.876382] sd 6:0:0:0: sdd Attached SCSI removable disk
-
Use the dd utility to write the image.
# dd if=/path/to/Fedora-Live-Security-x86_64-21.iso of=/dev/sdd
Pay extreme attention to the source (
if=
) and target (of=
) device. Thedd
command destroys all data on the target device. If you made a mistake, you could lose important data.
Creating a Boot CD or DVD
In addition to creating a bootable USB flash drive, you can also use the provided ISO images to create bootable optical media (a CD or DVD). This approach may be necessary when installing Fedora on an older system which cannot boot from USB.
The exact steps you need to take to burn a bootable CD or DVD from an ISO image will vary depending on what disc burning software you use. This procedure only offers a general overview. |
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Insert a blank CD or DVD into your system’s CD or DVD burner.
-
Open your system’s burning software - for example, Brasero on Fedora systems with GNOME desktop environment, or Nero on Windows systems. In the software’s main menu, find an option which lets you burn an ISO image to a disc. For example, in Brasero, this option is
Burn image
in the main menu on the left side of the window. -
When prompted, select the ISO image of Fedora to be burned, and the CD or DVD burner with a blank disc inside (if you have more than one drive).
-
Confirm your selection, and wait for the disc to be burned.
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